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1Table: Variable description

1.1Table: fluxes

Variable description. Variables were grouped as follows: FF=flux, ff=fraction, MM=pool, mm=modulator, dd=stand dimension, TT=temperature, pp=pressure, RR=resistance, qq=humidity, gg=function.

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
FAF^Aμ\mumol CO2,m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}assimiCO2CO_2 assimilation rate
FgppF_{gpp}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}gppPhotosynthesis
Fgpp,refF^{gpp,ref}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}pre_indust_ref_gppPre-industrial reference photosynthesis
Fgpp,stF^{gpp,st}gC m−2^{-2} day−1^{-1}stressed_dailyStressed daily photosynthesis
Fgpp,usF^{gpp,us}gC m−2^{-2} day−1^{-1}unstressed_dailyUnstressed daily photosynthesis
Fgpp,1weekF^{gpp,1week}gC m−2^{-2} day−1^{-1}gpp_weekmean of daily photosynthesis calculated for the past week
Fnpp,3yearF_{npp,3year}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}npp_long-termNet primary production averaged over the previous 3 years
Fnpp,wood,10yearF^{npp,wood,10year}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}paiNet primary wood production averaged over the previous 10 years
Fnpp,wood,1yearF^{npp,wood,1year}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}maiNet primary wood production averaged over the life time of the forest
FrmF^{rm}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}resp_maintMaintenance respiration
FrgF^{rg}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}resp_growthGrowth respiration
Frm,1weekF^{rm,1week}gC m−2^{-2} day−1^{-1}resp_maint_weekmean of daily maintenance respiration calculated for the past week
FTrF^{Tr}m s−1^{-1}transpirAmount of water that a tree transpires
Fw,availF^{w,avail}m s−1^{-1}-Amount of water available to the tree
Fresp,het,litterF^{resp,het,litter}g C.m−2^{-2}.s−1^{-1}resp_hetero_litterTotal heterotrophic respiration from the litter decay
Fin,ligninF_{in,lignin}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}lignin_poolpool_incInput of lignin to the litter pools, poolpool being struc, metab, wood, or snag
Fin,o,iF_{in,o,i}g C m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}bm_to_litter, turnoverLitter carbon input from plant organ oo into litter pool ii
Fbvoc,iF_{bvoc,i}gC m−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}???BVOC emissions from canopy layer ii
Ftprod,sF^{prod,s}_{t}gC grid cell−1_{-1} year−1_{-1}flux_prod_lDecomposition rate of age class tt in the short-lived products
Ftprod,mF^{prod,m}_{t}gC grid cell−1_{-1} year−1_{-1}flux_prod_mDecomposition rate of age class tt in the medium-lived products
Ftprod,lF^{prod,l}_{t}gC grid cell−1_{-1} year−1_{-1}flux_prod_lDecomposition rate of age class tt in the long-lived products
Fprod,sF^{prod,s}gC grid cell−1_{-1} year−1_{-1}flux_lAnnual decomposition of the short-lived products
Fprod,mF^{prod,m}gC grid cell−1_{-1} year−1_{-1}flux_mAnnual decomposition of the medium-lived products
Fprod,lF^{prod,l}gC grid cell−1_{-1} year−1_{-1}flux_lAnnual decomposition of the long-lived products

1.2Table: climate

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
T3yearT^{3year}Kt2m_long-termMean 2-meter atmospheric temperature averaged over the past 3 years
TwT^{w}Kt2m_weekMean 2-meter atmospheric temperature averaged over the past week
T2wT^{2w}Kt2m_weekMean 2-meter atmospheric temperature averaged over the past fortnight
TmT^{m}Kt2m_monthMean 2-meter atmospheric temperature averaged over the past month
TairT^{air}Kt2m2-meter atmospheric temperature at the current time step
Tsoil,weightedT^{soil,weighted}Kt_rootSoil temperature weighted by the vertical distribution of root biomass
P3yearP^{3year}mmprecip_long-termPrecipitation sum
PPmmprecipPrecipitation sum

1.3Table: soil dimensions

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
zactz_{act}maltmaxDepth at which soil freezing starts
zrootz_{root}mroot_depth_tmpDepth to which the plants can root
ztopz_{top}mz_topDepth of the top soil layer ii

1.4Table: soil and litter mass components

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
MismM^{sm}_{i}kg m−2^{-2}smLiquid water in each layer ii
MismwM^{smw}_{i}kg m−2^{-2}smwLiquid water in each layer at wilting point
MismfM^{smf}_{i}kg m−2m^{-2}smfSoil moisture of each layer at field capacity
MnsmM^{nsm}daystime_hum_minNumber of days since minimum soil moisture
MlitM_{lit}g m−2^{-2}litterTotal litter pool
MdeclitterM_{declitter}g m−2^{-2}qdCarbon from the decayed litter pools
MligninM_{lignin}g lignin g C−1^{-1}lignin_poolpoolLignin content of litter pools, poolpool being struc, metab, wood, or snag

1.5Table: vegetation dimensions

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
dr,rootd^{r,root}m-Horizontal radius of the root bole of an individual tree
dhd^{h}mheightPlant height
dh,100treesd^{h,100trees}mave_tree_heightAverage height of the 100 tallest trees
dleafd^{leaf}m2^{2}-One sided leaf area of an individual plant
dsapd^{sap}m2^{2}-Sapwood area of an individual plant
dhincd_{hinc}mdelta_heightHeight increment
ddiad^{dia}mdiaDiameter
dqmdiad^{qmdia}mqmdiaQuadratic mean diameter
dqmdia,50%d^{qmdia,50\%}mqm_dia_up_halfQuadratic mean diameter of the 50 % tallest trees
dcircd^{circ}mcirccircumference
dbad^{ba}m2^{2} plant−1^{-1}baBasal area
dbaincd_{bainc}m2^{2} plant−1^{-1}delta_baBasal area increment
dlcircd^{circ}_{l}mcircCircumference of an individual tree in circumference class ll
dlvold^{vol}_{l}m3^{3}volWood volume of an tree in circumference class ll
dlindd^{ind}_{l}m−2^{-2}n_circ_classStand density in circumference class ll
dind,recd^{ind,rec}m−2^{-2}new_indNumber of recruits
dind,maxd^{ind,max}m−2^{-2}NmaxMaximum stand density given the actual quadratic mean diameter of the stand
dlind,killd^{ind,kill}_{l}m−2^{-2}target_st_killTargeted mortality in each diameter class
dind,ccdiad^{ind,ccdia}m−2^{-2}total_treesStand density per unit of ground area with a diameter exceeding the clear cut diameter
dlcdia,verd^{cdia,ver}_{l}mvaluesCrown diameter along the vertical (height) axis of the spheroid
dlcdia,verd^{cdia,ver}_{l}mvaluesCrown diameter along the horizontal axis of the spheroid
dlcvd^{cv}_{l}m3{3}valuesVolume of an individual tree crown
dlcnd^{cn}_{l})m2{2}valuesProjected area of an individual tree crown
dcd_{c}m2^{2}crown_shadow_hProjected area of an opaque tree crown
dsapd^{sap}msbar_hMean path length through all canopy levels
dLAId^{LAI}mleaf2_{leaf}^{2} mground−2_{ground}^{-2}laiLeaf area index
diLAId^{LAI}_{i}mleaf2_{leaf}^{2} mground−2_{ground}^{-2}lai_per_levelLAI within canopy layer ii
dicvd^{cv}_{i}m3^3Partial_crown_volume_hVolume of canopy within level "i"
dLAIaboved^{LAIabove}-lai_sumSum of the LAI of all levels above the current level
dLAIeffd_{LAIeff}-laieffEffective leaf area index

1.6Table: vegetation mass components

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
MloM^{o}_{l}g C plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassMass of an individual plant organ oo of circumference class ll
Mo,N,lM_{o,N,l}g N plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassMass of an individual plant organ oo of circumference class ll
MoM^{o}g C m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassMass of an individual plant organ oo of the PFT
Mo,NM_{o,N}g N m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassMass of an individual plant organ oo of the PFT
MlleafM^{leaf}_{l}g plant−1^{-1}ClLeaf mass of an individual plant of circumference class ll
MleafM^{leaf}g m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassLeaf mass of the PFT
MlsapM^{sap}_{l}g plant−1^{-1}CsSapwood mass of an individual plant of circumference class ll
MsapM^{sap}g m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassSapwood mass of the PFT
MlheartM^{heart}_{l}g plant−1^{-1}ChHeartwood mass of an individual plant of circumference class ll
MhM_{h}g m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassHeartwood mass of the PFT
MlrootM^{root}_{l}g plant−1^{-1}CrRoot mass of an individual plant of circumference class ll
MrootM^{root}g m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassRoot mass of the PFT
Mf,lM_{f,l}g plant−1^{-1}CrFruit mass of an individual plant of circumference class ll
MfM_{f}g m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassFruit mass of the PFT
MlstemM^{stem}_{l}g plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassAbove-ground stem mass of an individual plant of circumference class ll
Ml,tstem,belowM^{stem,below}_{l,t}g plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassBelow-ground woody mass, i.e., the coarse roots, of an individual plant of circumference class ll
Mstem,l,lM_{stem,l,l}g plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassAbove=ground stem mass of an individual tree in circumference class ll
MlplantM^{plant}_{l}g plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomasstotal biomass of an individual plant of circumference class ll
MrecM^{rec}g plant−1^{-1}bm_sapltotal biomass of an individual recruit
Mlab,C,lM_{lab,C,l}g C plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassLabile carbon pool of circumference class ll
Mlab,CM^{lab,C}g C m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassLabile carbon pool of the PFT
Mlab,N,lM_{lab,N,l}g N plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassLabile nitrogen pool of circumference class ll
Mlab,NM^{lab,N}g N m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassLabile nitrogen pool of the PFT
Mres,C,lM_{res,C,l}g C plant−1^{-1}circ_class_biomassReserve carbon pool of circumference class ll
Mres,CM^{res,C}g C m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassReserve carbon pool of the PFT
Mres,NM^{res,N}g N m−2^{-2}tmp_biomassReserve nitrogen pool of the PFT
MlincM^{linc}g C plant−1^{-1}Cl_incIncrement in leaf mass of an individual plant
MsincM^{sinc}g C plant−1^{-1}Cs_incIncrement in sapwood mass of an individual plant
MrincM^{rinc}g C plant−1^{-1}Cr_incIncrement in root mass of an individual plant
MfincM^{finc}g C plant−1^{-1}Cf_incIncrement in fruit mass of an individual plant
MlincM^{inc}_{l}g C plant−1^{-1}b_incIncrement in plant biomass of an individual plant
MtotincM^{totinc}g C m−2_{-2}b_inc_totTotal biomass increment for the PFT
MkillM^{kill}g m−2^{-2}d_mortalityTargeted mortality

1.7Table: vegetation potentials and resistances

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description

1.8Table: harvest and product pools

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
Mhar,cropM^{har,crop}g m−2^{-2}harvest_poolBiomass harvest of croplands
Mhar,grassM^{har,grass}g m−2^{-2}harvest_poolBiomass harvest of grasslands
Mhar,forestM^{har,forest}g m−2^{-2}harvest_poolBiomass harvest of forests
Mhar,forest,<0.2mM^{har,forest,<0.2m}g m−2^{-2}harvest_poolHarvested biomass of trees with a diameter less than 0.2 m
Mhar,forest,>0.2mM^{har,forest,>0.2m}g m−2^{-2}harvest_poolHarvested biomass of trees with a diameter exceeding 0.2 m
Mtprod,sM^{prod,s}_{t}g grid cell−1^{-1}prod_sMass of the short-lived product pool
Mtprod,mM^{prod,m}_{t}g grid cell−1^{-1}prod_nMass of the medium-lived product pool
Mtprod,lM^{prod,l}_{t}g grid cell−1^{-1}prod_lMass of the long-lived product pool

1.9Table: modulators

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
miqm^{q}_{i}-control_moistRate modifier accounting for the effect of soil moisture on decomposition
miTm^{T}_{i}-control_tempRate modifier accounting for the effect of soil temperature on decomposition
miligninm^{lignin}_{i}--Rate modifier accounting for the effect of the lignin content of the litter pool on decomposition
mo,rm,Tm^{o,rm,T}-gtempTemperature modulator for maintenance respiration for plant organ kk
mo,rm,Nm^{o,rm,N}-adjust_respNitrogen modulator for maintenance respiration for plant organ kk
mwaterm^{water}-wstress_facModulator for water stress as experienced by the plants
miclimm^{clim}_{i}-Ct_jModulator that accounts for the climate conditions compared to the reference conditions
mage,bvocm_{age,bvoc}-Eff_age_VOCModulator that accounts for the leaf age on bvoc production

1.10Table: fractions

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
fo,metabf^{o,metab}-litterfrac(imetabolicimetabolic)Fraction of the input biomass of organ oo that goes into the metabolic pool
fcn,of^{cn,o}g C.g N−1^{-1}CNCarbon-to-nitrogen ratio of the organ oo of the input biomass
fjsoil,metabf^{soil,metab}_{j}-frac_soilFractions of the decayed litter going to the soil
ffff^{ff}-tree_ffForm factor (ffff^{ff}) to account for the fact that tree trunks are conical rather than cylindrical
firoot,funf^{root,fun}_{i}-root_profileFunctional vertical root profile given as share of the root mass in soil layer ii
firoot,strf^{root,str}_{i}-root_profileStructural vertical root profile given as share of the root mass in soil layer ii
fsugarloadf_{sugarload}-update_sugar_loadProxy for sugar loading of the sap flow
fleaf,allocf^{leaf,alloc}-f_allocFractions of the available carbon to be allocated to the leaves
fsap,allocf^{sap,alloc}-f_allocFractions of the available carbon to be allocated to the sapwood
froot,allocf^{root,alloc}-f_allocFractions of the available carbon to be allocated to the roots
ffruit,allocf^{fruit,alloc}-f_allocFractions of the available carbon to be allocated to the fruits
fN,costf^{N,cost}g N g N−1_{-1}fcostthe total nitrogen mass required to allocate 1 g of N to the leaves
fPwcf_{Pwc}-Pwc_hPorosity of a tree crown
fPgapf^{Pgap}-PgapLGap probability for canopy
fPgap,treesf^{Pgap,trees}-PgapLGap probability for canopy
fPgap,gcf_{Pgap,gc}-PgapLGap probability for grasses and crops
fPgap,bsf_{Pgap,bs}-PgapLGap probability for bare soil
fKFf^{KF}mKFLeaf allocation factor
fLFf^{LF}-LFRoot allocation factor
fsf^{s}-sSlope of linearised relationship between height and basal area
fileaff^{leaf}_{i}-leaf_fracFraction of leaf biomass in leaf age class ii
fRDI,actf^{RDI,act}-rdiActual relative density index
fRDI,potf^{RDI,pot}-potential_rdiPotential relative density index
fRDI,lowf^{RDI,low}-rdi_target_lowerLower boundary of the target relative density index
fRDI,uppf^{RDI,upp}-rdi_target_upperUpper boundary of the target relative density index
fdist,lf^{dist,l}-st_distRelative share of mortality in each age class
flindf^{ind}_{l}-CDFRelative share of circumference class ll in the total stand density
fcontf_{cont}-contfracContinental fraction of a grid cell
fveg,maxf^{veg,max}-veget_maxFraction of a specific PFT in a grid cell
fveg,max,deltaf^{veg,max,delta}-loss_gainChange in the fraction of a specific PFT in a grid cell
fglacierf^{glacier}-no_bioFraction of glaciers in a grid cell

1.11Table: bark

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
ibeetle,generationi^{beetle,generation}-tmp_legacyIndicator of bark beetle breeding of the current year
Teff,gddT^{eff,gdd}° C day−1^{-1}sumTeffSum of effective temperature for bark beetle reproduction
Tref,gddT^{ref,gdd}° C day−1^{-1}beetle_generation_bThermal sum of degree days for one bark beetle generation
ToptT^{opt}° Copt_temp_beetleOptimal bark temperature for beetle development
TminT^{min}° Cmin_temp_beetleBark temperature below which beetle development stops
TtbarkT^{bark}_{t}° Ctbark_dailyAverage daily bark temperature
ibeetle,pressurei^{beetle,pressure}-i_beetles_pressureIndicator of bark beetle pressure
ibeetle,survivali^{beetle,survival}-i_beetles_survival_gpIndicator for increased bark beetle survival which could result from favorable conditions for beetle demography
ibeetle,activityi^{beetle,activity}-i_beetles_activity_legacyIndicator of the loss of tree biomass in the previous year due to bark beetle infestation
Mt−1killM^{kill}_{t-1}g m−2^{-2}B_beetles_kill_legacyBiomass killed by bark beetles during previous year
MtotalM^{total}g m−2^{-2}circ_class_biomassTotal biomass of the stand
ihost,deadi^{host,dead}-i_hosts_dead_gpSpecies group-level susceptibility of bark beetle survival due to the leftover of windthrow debris
ihost,alivei^{host,alive}-i_hosts_alive_gpSpecies group-level susceptibility of beetle survival to host availability due to the stand age
Mdead,woodM^{dead,wood}g m−2^{-2}N_woodQuantity of woody necromass from the current year
MwoodM^{wood}g m−2^{-2}B_woodTotal living woody biomass in the stand
ibeetles,massattacki^{beetles,massattack}-i_beetles_massattack_gpIndicator of the ability of bark beetles to attack healthy trees when the number of bark beetles is large enough
ihost,susceptibilityi^{host,susceptibility}-i_hosts_susceptibility_gpIndicator for host suitability
fRDIf^{RDI}-rdi_gpRelative density index
daind,spruced^{ind,spruce}_{a}-indCurrent tree density of an age class a
dind,max,spruced^{ind,max,spruce}-Nmax()Maximum stand density of a stand given its diameter
fasprucef^{spruce}_{a}-veget_maxFraction of spruce in the grid cell that resides in this age class
fsprucef^{spruce}-veget_max_gpFraction of spruce within a grid cell
ihost,attractivityi^{host,attractivity}-i_hosts_attractivity_gpIndicator the suitability of a stand for the establishment of a new bark beetle colony
ihost,competitioni^{host,competition}-i_hosts_competition_gpIndicator of the trees’s stress experience due to within-stand resource competition
ihost,defensei^{host,defense}-i_hosts_defence_gpIndicator of the ability of the host to set up a defense against a bark beetle attack
ihost,sharei^{host,share}-i_hosts_share_gpIndicator of spruce abundance
mwater,1yearm^{water,1year}-season_drought_legacyMaximum water stress in the previous 3 years
fhostf_{host}-shareIndex of the purity of the stand (monospecific vs mixed)
fdeciduousf^{deciduous}-vegetmax_deciduousFraction of deciduous PFTs (currently PFT 6 and 8)
fconiferousf^{coniferous}-vegetmax_coniferousFraction of coniferous PFTs (currently PFT 4 and 7)
Mbeetle,killM^{beetle,kill}g m−2^{-2}B_beetles_killBiomass of trees killed by bark beetles in one year and one grid cell
flsuccessf^{success}_{l}-P_successProbability of a successful attack averaged over the number of spruce age classes l
Mbeetle,attackM^{beetle,attack}g m−2^{-2}B_beetles_attacked_gpBiomass of trees attacked by bark beetles
MtotalM^{total}g m−2^{-2}B_totalActual stand biomass of spruce
fattackf^{attack}-P_beetles_attacked_gpAbility of the bark beetles to spread and locate new suitable spruce trees as hosts for breeding
flsuccessf^{success}_{l}-P_successProbability of success of a bark beetles attack
iahost,healthi^{host,health}_{a}-i_hosts_healthIndicator of tree health for each age class

1.12Table: calculated parameters

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
klsk^{ls}-k_latosaLeaf area to sapwood area of an individual tree
kslak^{sla}m2^{2} g C−1^{-1}slaSpecific leaf area
kσk^{\sigma}msigmasCut-off circumference of the intra-specific competition, calculated as a function of the distribution of the circumference classes.
kγk^{\gamma}mgammaSlope of the intra-specific competition
kheightk^{height}mpipe_tune2The tree height for a tree diameter of 1-meter
kαk^{\alpha}-alpha_self_thinningIntercept of the self-thinning relationship
kshapek^{shape}-kShape parameter of the Weibull distribution

1.13Table: other

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
ii-different indicesIndicates a specific vertical layer. E.g., an atmospheric, soil, or canopy layer
oo-different indicesIndicates a specific biomass component. E.g., leaves, roots, fruits,...
jj-different BVOC compounds
ll-icirCircumference class
npftnpft-nvmNumber of PFTs
ncircncirc-ncircNumber of circumference classes
nslmnslm-nslmNumber of soil layers
norgansnorgans-npartsNumber of plant organs
nlevnlev-nlevels_locNumber of canopy layers to calculate gap fraction and light penetration
nlagenlage-nagecNumber of age classes within a vegetation MTC
nlagenlage-nleafagesNumber of leaf age classes
nshortnshort-nshortNumber of age classes in the short-lived product pool
nmediumnmedium-nmediumNumber of age classes in the medium-lived product pool
nlongnlong-nlongNumber of age classes in the long-lived product pool
ndegndeg-dNumber of degrees of a polynomial function
zmz_arrayHeight above the soil
ziz_{i}mz_arrayHeight above the soil of level ii
ztopz_{top}mupperTop of the canopy at the stand level
zbotz_{bot}mlowerTop of the canopy at the stand level
θz\theta_{z}radianssolar_angleSolar zenith angle
lil_{i}daysleaf_classeswidth in of an individual leaf age class
aileafa^{leaf}_{i}daysleaf_ageage of the leaf mass in age class ii
al,meana^{l,mean}daysleaf_meanagethe mean leaf age
SthresS^{thres}Kleaf_age_critLocation specific leaf age threshold for determining leaf senescence
STS^{T}Kt_critCritical temperature for leaf senescence
τher\tau^{her}sherbivorestime constant of the probability of a leaf to be eaten by a herbivore
Gn,growG^{n,grow}daysngd_minus5The number of days with a temperature above 268.15K since midwinter (shortest day of the year)
Gdeg,growG^{deg,grow}Kgdd_midwinterThe growing degree days since midwinter (shortest day of the year)
GthresG^{thres}K or ° Cgdd_min, gdd_critTemperature threshold used to determine leaf onset timing for phenology modules
Gn,chillG^{n,chill}daysncd_dormanceThe number of days with a temperature above a PFT specific temperature since since midwinter (shortest day of the year)
fVstf^{Vst}-vegstress_dayIf hydraulic architecture is used, this is a ratio between a proxy for stressed and unstressed ecosystem functioning (i.e. daytime photosynthesis). If hydraulic architecture is not used this is soil moisture availability
fVst,wf^{Vst,w}-vegstress_weekmean vegetation stress (fVstf^{Vst}) averaged over the past week
fVst,mf^{Vst,m}-vegstress_monthmean vegetation stress (fVstf^{Vst}) averaged over the past month
fVst,min1yf^{Vst,min1y}-vegstress_critcritical moisture availability (0 - 1)
fVst,max1yf^{Vst,max1y}-minvegstress_lastyearlast year’s minimum moisture availability (0 - 1)
fVst,thresf^{Vst,thres}-maxvegstress_lastyearlast year’s maximum moisture availability (0 - 1)
HcritH^{crit}daysharvest_timeHarvest time as a function of the long-term temperature
GinitG^{init}Kwhen_growthinitGrowing degree days since the start of the growing season
Scut,5yearS^{cut,5year}m2^{2}area_timber_removals_5_yearsSurface area that was thinned or harvested in the past 5 years
SborderS^{border}m2^{2}area_around_gapSurface area within 9 tree heights from a gap
SawayS^{away}m2^{2}area_total_furtherSurface area at least 9 tree heights away from a gap
SgridcellS^{gridcell}m2^{2}areaSurface area of a grid cell

1.14Table: fire

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
NINI℃2ni_accNesterov index
ωo\omega^{\mathrm{o}}-dfmDaily fuel moisture
ωe\omega^{\mathrm{e}}-me_gridMoisture of extinction for the whole grid
FDIFDI-fdiDaily fire danger index, climatic fire risk
αi\alpha_{i}-Weighting factors to derive an overall drying speed of fuel bed
wiow^{\mathrm{o}}_igC m-2litterfuel_class_gridGrid cell value of aboveground litter fuel of different fuel classes over burnable ground area
nlign^{\mathrm{ig}}_lday−1 km−2\mathrm{day}^{-1}\ \mathrm{km}^{-2}lightn_ignLightning ignitions
nhign^{\mathrm{ig}}_hday−1 km−2\mathrm{day}^{-1}\,\mathrm{km}^{-2}human_ignHuman ignitions
fcgf^{\mathrm{cg}}-lightning_cg_ratioFraction of cloud-to-ground lightning in total lightning
hsuppressionh^{\mathrm{suppression}}-human_suppressionHuman suppression effects on lightning ignitions (0–1)
lefficiencyl^{\mathrm{efficiency}}-lightn_efficiencyFractions of lightnings that reach ground with sufficient energy to ignite
PDP^{\mathrm{D}}individuals km−2\mathrm{individuals}\ \mathrm{km}^{-2}popdHuman population density
a(ND)a(N^{\mathrm{D}})ignitions individual-1 day-1a_ndParameter for potential human-caused ignitions
iefficiencyi^{\mathrm{efficiency}}-ignition_efficiencyIgnition efficiency as a function of fuel load, (0-1)
wlowerow^{\mathrm{o}}_{lower}gC m-2fuel_low_boundLower bound of total fuel load below which ignition efficiency is 0
wupperow^{\mathrm{o}}_{upper}gC m-2fuel_high_boundUpper bound of total fuel load above which ignition efficiency is 1

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
areavegarea^{\mathrm{veg}}haarea_burnable_vegLand area covered with burnable vegetation within a grid cell
nfiren^\mathrm{{fire}}-numfireNumber of fires
tfiret^\mathrm{{fire}}minfire_duratFire duration
ROSfsurfaceROS_{f}^{\mathrm{surface}}m min−1\mathrm{m}\,\mathrm{min}^{-1}ros_fForward fire spread rate
IRI^{\mathrm{R}}kJ m−2 min−1kJ \, m^{-2} \, min^{-1}irReaction intensity (energy release rate per unit area of fire front)
ξ\xi-xiPropagating flux ratio (It measures the proportion of energy released during fuel combustion used to heat adjacent fuel)
Φw\Phi^{\mathrm{w}}-phi_windA multiplier that accounts for the effect of wind in increasing the effectiveness of propagating flux heating
ρb\rho^{\mathrm{b}}kg (dry mass) m−3\mathrm{kg\ (dry\ mass)}\,\mathrm{m}^{-3}bulkdensity_gridFuel bulk density weighted by mass of dead fine fuel and live grass
ε\varepsilon-epsEffective heating number (the proportion of a fuel particle that is heated to ignition temperature at the time flaming combustion starts)
QigQ^{\mathrm{ig}}kJ kg−1\mathrm{kJ}\,\mathrm{kg}^{-1}q_igHeat of pre-ignition (the amount of heat required to ignite a given fuel mass)
ROSbsurfaceROS_{b}^{\mathrm{surface}}m min−1\mathrm{m}\,\mathrm{min}^{-1}ros_bBackward fire spread rate
dbd^{\mathrm{b}}mdbDiameter at the backward direction for the fire ellipse
dfd^{\mathrm{f}}mdfDiameter at the forward direction for the fire ellipse
UforwardU_{\mathrm{forward}}m min−1\mathrm{m}\,\mathrm{min}^{-1}wind_speedWind speed adjusted by fractions of herbaceous and tree covers

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
fgrassf_{\mathrm{grass}}-fpc_grass_totalTotal grass fraction (including burnable herbaceous PFTs)
ftreef_{\mathrm{tree}}-fpc_tree_totalTotal tree fraction
LBL^{\mathrm{B}}-lbLength-to-breadth ratio of the fire ellipse
aˉ\bar{a}hamean_fire_sizeMean fire size
BAdailyBA^{\mathrm{daily}}haarea_burntDaily burned area
EsurfaceE_{surface}gC m−2\mathrm{gC}\ \mathrm{m}^{-2}emissions_fireEmissions from fire
CFiCF_i-cf_1hr, cf_10hr, cf_100hr, cf_1000hrCombustion fraction for different class fuel
ωl\omega_{l}-dfm_livegrassDaily live grass fuel moisture
EtgE^{\mathrm{tg}}g m−2\mathrm{g}\,\mathrm{m}^{-2}emissions_trace_gasTrace gas emissions
eftgef^{\mathrm{tg}}g (kg dry mass)−1^{-1}ef_traceEmission factor for trace gases
Es,ccarbonE^{\mathrm{carbon}}_{s,c}gC m−2\mathrm{gC\,m^{-2}}dcflux_fire_pftFire carbon flux to atmosphere, including both crown emissions and litter consumption emissions
IsurfaceI_{\text{surface}}kW m−1\mathrm{kW}\,\mathrm{m}^{-1}frontline_intensitySurface fire frontline intensity
FCiFC_{i}g(dry mass) m−2^{-2}Fine fuel consumption
SHSHmscorching_heightFire flame scorching height
cc-f_shScorch height parameter for crown fire
hhkJ kg−1^{-1}HHeat content of the fuel
fburnedf^{\mathrm{burned}}-fire_fracFraction of area burned against burnable ground area only
flcsf^\mathrm{cs}_ {l}-ckProportion of crown scorched by fire
dlhd^{\mathrm{h}}_{l}mcanopy_heightTree height
dlcida,verd^{\mathrm{cida,ver}}_{l}mcrown_lengthCrown length (crown vertical diameter)
Plm,csP^{\mathrm{m,cs}}_{l}-pm_ckTree mortality due to crown damage

Continuation of Table 3

Symbol in textUnitSymbol in ORCHIDEE v4.2 Description
c1c_1-r_ckParameter for postfire mortality as a result of crown damage
c2c_2-p_ckParameter for postfire mortality as a result of crown damage
τlflame\tau^{\mathrm{flame}}_{l}mintau_lResidence time of fire
Γ\Gammamin−1\mathrm{min}^{-1}var_gammaReaction velocity
CF1h,10h,100hfine_fuelCF^{\mathrm{fine\_fuel}}_{1h,10h,100h}-cf_finefuelCombustion fraction for surface fine litter fuel, including 1hr/10hr/100hr fuel
τlcritical\tau^{\mathrm{critical}}_{l}mintau_cCritical time for cambial damage
BTlB T_{l}cmbark_thicknessBark thickness
par1par_1-BTpar1Bark thickness parameter
par2par_2-BTpar2Bark thickness parameter
dldiad^{\mathrm{dia}}_{l}mdiameterDiameter at breast height for representative tree
Plm,cdP^{\mathrm{m,cd}}_{l}-pm_tauTree mortality due to cambial damage
Plm,csP^{\mathrm{m,cs}}_{l}-pm_ckTree mortality due to crown damage
PlmP_{l}^{\mathrm{m}}-postf_mortFire-caused forest mortality
dlind,killd^{\text{ind,kill}}_{l}individuals m−2\mathrm{individuals}\,\mathrm{m}^{-2}circ_class_killNumber of trees within a circumference class that need to be killed
dlindd_{l}^\mathrm{ind}individuals m−2\mathrm{individuals}\,\mathrm{m}^{-2}circ_class_nNumber of individuals in each circumference class

References

ORCHIDEE v4.2 Technical Documentation
Table Spatial And Temporal Discretization
ORCHIDEE v4.2 Technical Documentation
Acknowledgments